小简介
二十世纪最具有争议的重量级实验作曲家。
音乐之未来
文/约翰·凯奇 (JOHN CAGE)
严哥华译
不论我们在哪里,我们听到的大部分都是噪音。想忽略它,它就来搅扰我们,听它,发现它迷人得很。以每小时五十英里行驶的火车声,两个火车站之间的静音。雨声。我们想要抓住和控制这些声响,不是要将它们当作声音特技用,而是要将它们当乐器用。每一个电影棚都有一个录在电影片上的“声音特技”资料库,有了电影放音机,已有可能控制这些声音中的任何一个振幅和频率,并在其中加入想像得到和想像不到的节奏。如有四部电影放音机,我们就可以为雷鸣般的马达、风、心跳和泥石流谱写和演奏一首四重奏。
假如“音乐”这个词是神圣的,是专六为18、19世纪的乐器留着的,我们可用一个更有意义的术语来代替它声音的组织。
大多数电子音乐的发明都都试图模拟18、19世纪的乐器,正如早期的汽车设计师都依马车学样一般,怀疑这“音乐”到底是不是音乐了。
因为在这一新音乐当中,除了声响外,什么都没发生。那些被记下来的和那些未被记下来的声响。那些未被记下来的声响在写下的音乐中以沉默无声的形式出现使音乐的门向那些刚巧在那一现场中的声响打开,这种开放性在现当代雕塑和建筑中就有。Mies van der Rohe的玻璃屋,反映着它们的环境,根据情况不同,向眼睛展示云彩,树或草的形象,而当我们观看雕塑家Richard Lippold用线穿在一起的构成时,还能看到别的人,假如他们碰巧在那里的话,我们不可避免地会通过电线网络,看到的东西,决没有像一个空的空间或空的时间那样的东西,总有什么可看,可听的,哪怕我努力去制作一个沉默,也办不到。出于某种工程上的目的,越无声越好,这也许是可取的。这样一个房间可被称作一个无回声的房间。它由非凡材料制成的面墙构成,一个没有回音的房间。几年前我就在哈佛大学进过这样一个房间,并听到两种声响,一高,一低。我向主管工程师描述这两种声响,他告诉我,那高的一个,是我的神经系统在运作,那低的一个是我循环中的血液。到我死之前都会有声响在那里。而且它们还会继续跟着死去的我。我们不必害怕音乐的未来。
真是惊人的巧合,制作这样音域广泛的音乐的手段目前已到我们手中,二战未盟军进入德国时,发现那儿磁带录音已有巨大进步,可作音乐的高保真录音。先是法国,那儿是Pierre Schaeffer在起这个劲,后来是在美国、德国、意大利和日本,我可能都还不知道,在其他地方,磁带已不光能录音乐演出,而且由于它,还能制作出新音乐来,最少只要两架磁带放音机,就可以以如下方法制作音乐:1)可对任何声响作单个录音,2)在录音过程中,通过过滤器和线路,任何音下的声音都可被更改,3)电子混响(在第三架机器上对另两架上发出的声音进行混合),4)普通的剪辑使任何或所有的声响的并置成为可能;当它包括非同平常的剪辑时,它就会像重录那样改变任何或所有的原来的物理特征。使这些成为可能的手段,根本上是一种完全的声音——空间,其界限只有耳朵才能限定,这一空间中的每一个非凡声音的地位由五个因素来决定频率或音高,振幅或音量,泛音结构或音色,持续时间和音乐形态(音如何开始、继续和消失)。但这些决定因素中的任何一个更改都会改变在声音空间中的声音的地位由五个因素来决定:频率或音高,振幅或音量,泛音结构或音色,持续时间和音乐形态(音如何开始,继续和消失)。但这些决定因素中的任何更改都会改变在声音空间中的声音的地位。这一完全的声音空间中的声音的地位。这一完全的声音空间中的任何一点上的声音都能移动,成为任何别的一点上的一个声音。但只有当我们愿意激进改变自己的音乐习惯时,才能利用这些可能性。那就是说,我们可以不在远地里作可见的移动——这相当于说“电视”的方式(假如我们不想去剧院而愿意呆在家里),或者,假如我们愿意放弃步行,那就去飞行——就能利用这些象的显现。
音乐习惯包括音阶、调式、对位理论和和声,还有对音色的研究(单了地或组合地对一组有限的自造声音的机制进行研究)。用数学上的话来说,这些都涉及到分离的音阶。它们类似于步行——就音高来说,就是要走由十二条阶石组成的道儿,这一小心翼翼的踩步不能反映磁带所可能具有的特点,它向我们揭示,音乐行动或存在可任何一点上或沿着任何线路或曲线或你在完全的声音空间中具有任何东西发生,我们其实在技术上已能将当代人对自然的运作手法的意识转变为艺术。
这里又有许多交叉路口。我们得选择,假如他不愿放弃控制声音的企图,他就会将他的音乐技巧弄复杂到接近于新的可能性和意识。(我用接近这个词是因为一个想要测量的心灵,决不能最终测量到自然,)或者,如从前一样,我们可以放弃控制声音这一欲望,清扫我们的音乐心灵,开始发现让声音安闲地存在,而不是让它们成为人为的理论或人类情感的表达工具的方法。
新音乐、新听法。决不企图听懂正在被说出的什么东西,因为假如有什么东西正被说出,那么声音是会被给予词语的外形的。就只关注声音的活动好了。
那些投身写作实验音乐的人努力寻找把他们自己从他们所制作的声音活动中移开的方法和手段。有的用用偶然的运作,它们是从像中国的《易经》那样古老的出处,或从像物理学家与研究中搞的随机数表那样的来源推导出来的。或,类似于心理学中的Rorshcach测试,通过对他正在写作的纸上的缺陷的阐释,可提供一种摆脱了一个人的记忆和想象的音乐。也可以使用随时间中的最终现不同而变化的空间重迭这一几何手段。可能性整个可被大致分开,每一部分中的声音可用数来表示,但由表演者或由这个分开者来选择。在后一种情形中,作曲家类似于照相机制造者,他让别人来拍照。
不管一个人使用磁带还是为传统乐器写作,当前的音乐情境已与磁带出现之前完全不同。也不必拉警报,因为某个新东西的形成并不由此剥夺那过去曾适得其所的东西。每一样东西都有它自己的位置,决不占别一样东西的位置。俗话说,东西越多越开心。
但磁带对实验音乐的有几个影响最好还是提一下。由于多少英寸的磁带等于多少秒的时间,越来越显得平常的是,记谱是在空间中的,而不是以1/4,1/2和1/16音符等等来数的。这样,在一页纸上出现音符的地方,对应于它在时间中发生的地方。可用一个记秒表用来帮助表演;于是,一种与马蹄和别的常规节拍完全不同的节奏出现了。
不可能同时播放几个各别的磁带来取得完美的同步。这一点导致一些人去制造多声道的磁带和相应较多的磁头的放音机。而别的人——那些接受了他们并不想要的声音的人——现在终于明白总谱虽然要求许多声部在一种非凡的凑合中一起被演奏,但它并不是真实情况的确切再现。这些人现在只谱写声部,不再谱写总谱,而多声部可以以任何未想到的方式被结合在一起。这意味着这样一首音乐的任何一次演出都是独一无二的,使听的人,也使作曲家很感爱好。这又很轻易看出与自然的平行:即便是同一棵树上的叶子,也是没有两片完全一样的。在艺术中,同样的例子是雕塑与运动的部分,可动的部分的平行。
不消说,不协和音乐和噪音在这种新音乐中是受欢迎的。而主七和弦也是受欢迎的,假如它刚巧能出现的话。
排练表明,这种新音乐,不论是为磁带还是为乐器而写,在几个喇叭或演奏者在空间中远远隔开要比紧紧挨在一起更易清楚地听到。因为这一音乐并不关心一般所理解和声(在其中,和声的质量是由几个因素的混合造成的)。这儿,我们所关心的是不相像者的共存,融合所发生的中心点多得是无论听众的耳朵在哪里。这种不协和音,套用哲学家柏格森关于无序的说法,无非就是许多人还不习惯的和声。
而写作音乐的目的的是什么?当然,我们不是在与目的打交道,而是在与声音打交道。或者,这回答可以悖谬的形式出现:一种有目的的无目的性,或一种无目的的游戏,不过,这种游戏是对生活的肯定——不是企图从混乱中造成秩序,也不是要在创作中提出改进,而无非只是要醒来去面对我们正在过的那种生活本身,一旦我们不让我们的心灵和我们的欲望去阻挡它,让它自个儿去,这种生活本可以那么地高妙。
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The most influential and controversial American experimental composer of the 20th century, John Cage was the father of indeterminism, a Zen-inspired aesthetic which expelled all notions of choice from the creative process. Rejecting the most deeply held compositional principles of the past -- logical consequence, vertical sensitivity, and tonality among them -- Cage created a groundbreaking alternative to the serialist method, deconstructing traditions established hundreds and even thousands of years earlier; the end result was a radical new artistic approach which impacted all of the music composed in its wake, forever altering not only the ways in which sounds are created but also how they're absorbed by audiences. Indeed, it's often been suggested that he did to music what Karl Marx did to government -- he leveled it.
Cage was born in Los Angeles on September 5, 1912, the son of an inventor who posited an explanation of the cosmos called the "Electrostatic Field Theory." Later attending Pomona College, he exited prior to graduation to travel across Europe during the early '30s; upon returning to the U.S., he studied in New York with Henry Cowell, finally traveling back to the West Coast in 1934 to study under Arnold Schoenburg. Around this time Cage published his earliest compositions, a series of Varèse-inspired works written in a rigorous atonal system of his own device. Relocating to Seattle in 1937 to become a dance accompanist, a year later he founded a percussion ensemble, composing the seminal polyrhythms piece First Construction (In Metal) in 1939.
During the late '30s, Cage also began experimenting with musique concrète, composing the landmark Imaginary Landscape No. 1, which employed variable-speed phonographs and frequency tone recordings alongside muted piano and a large Chinese cymbal. He also invented the "prepared piano," in which he placed a variety of household objects between the strings of a grand piano to create sounds suggesting a one-man percussion orchestra. It was at this time that Cage fell under the sway of Eastern philosophies, the influence of Zen Buddhism informing the random compositional techniques of his later work; obsessed with removing forethought and choice from the creative model, he set out to make music in line with the principles of the I Ching, predictable only by its very unpredictability.
Cage's work of the 1940s took a variety of shapes: where 1941's Imaginary Landscape No. 2 was a score for percussion which included a giant metal coil amplified by a phonograph cartridge, 1942's Williams Mix was a montage of over 500 prerecorded sounds, and 1944's The Perilous Night was an emotional piece written for a heavily muted prepared piano. The latter was composed for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, for which Cage served as musical director from 1943 onward; his collaborations with Cunnigham revolutionized modern dance composition and choreography, with the indeterminacy concept extending into these works as well. By the end of the decade Cage's innovations were widely recognized, and in 1949 he was honored with a Guggenheim Fellowship and an award from the National Academy of Arts and Letters.
Cage's most visionary work, however, was still to come: in 1951, he completed Imaginary Landscape No. 4, which limited its sound sources to only a dozen radios, with the end result dependent entirely on the broadcast material at the time of performance. That same year, he collaborated with a group of performers and engineers to mount the Music on Magnetic Tape project. Next, in 1952, pianist and longtime associate David Tudor premiered Cage's 4'33, known colloquially as "Silence"; the composer's most notorious work, it asks the performer to sit at his instrument but play nothing, the environmental sounds instead produced by a typically uncomfortable audience. Concurrently, he delved into theatrical performance (a 1952 performance at Black Mountain College widely regarded as the first "happening") and electronics (Imaginary Landscape No. 5, composed for randomly mixed recordings).
In the wake of 1958's watershed Concert for Piano and Orchestra -- a virtual catalog of indeterminate notations -- Cage continued to immerse himself in electronics as the years went by, most famously in works like 1960's Cartridge Music, for which he amplified small household sounds for live performance, as well as 1969's HPSCHD, which combined harpsichord, tapes, and the like. He also turned to writing, publishing his first book, Silence, in 1961, additionally teaching and lecturing across the globe. Elected to the Institute of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1968, he also received an honorary Doctorate of Performing Arts from the California Institutes of the Arts in 1986. Cage died in New York on August 12, 1992.